There is strong evidence of the safety and beneficial effects of IV lidocaine on pain after abdominal surgery (although not for other surgeries eliciting somatic pain) in humans and possibly in horses, including both analgesia and return of bowel function.⁴¹ IV lidocaine is anesthetic-sparing in dogs and cats, but current evidence for a pain-modifying effect in those species remains inconclusive.⁴² Some investigators discourage the use of IV lidocaine in cats due to negative cardiovascular effects, but successful use in clinical practice has been anecdotally reported.⁴³ Various formulations for a combination of morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine CRIs have been described in dogs.⁴⁴